WELCOME TO THIS GREAT EDUCATIONAL BLOG

Welcome to my Pre-Nursing Exam Prep blog. I hope it will help you prepare very well for the Pre-NLN entrance exam, popularly known as the PAX exam. This is one of the entrance exams required by some schools for those who want to pursue careers in the nursing field in the USA. I will attempt to break down the review materials into manageable parts so that you can systematically and efficiently prepare for the test with less stress. I will guide you to prepare for the entire content of the test. Hopefully, you will be able to pass after going through these series.


BEST OF LUCK!


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A 12-DAY APPROACH TO ACE THE EXAM

SCIENCE REVIEWThe topics that are generally covered in the test have been grouped into twelve instructional modules below. You will be tested only on the basic concepts of physics, chemistry and biology. Click on science topics and select any of the topics listed in the module to review.

Lesson 1:

Basic structure of atom

Types of tissues

Lesson 2:

Movement of substances across the cell membrane

Acids and bases, pH scale

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Lesson 3:

Basic structure of the eye

Basic structure of the ear

Nervous system

Lesson 4:

Circulatory system

Introduction to mechanics (motion/forces)

Electrical circuits

Lesson 5:

Balancing chemical equations and writing formulas

Essentials of photosynthesis and respiration

Classifying organic compounds

Magnetism

Electromagnetism

Lesson 6:

Interpretation of graphs and pictograms

Analyzing and making conclusions from experiments

Data analysis

Lesson 7:

Endocrine system

Digestive system

Genitourinary system

Lesson 8:

Reproduction in mammals

Basic parts of a flower

Reproduction in plants (the process of pollination

Genetics

Lesson 9:

Modes of heat transfer

Calculating heat energies and phase diagrams

Temperature conversions (Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit)

Lesson 10:

Gas laws (Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac)

Types of energy (Potential, kinetic, etc…..)

Chemical bonds, equilibrium and equilibrium constants

Mixtures, types of solutions, solubility

Lesson 11:

Concepts of the food pyramid, food web and food chain

Light (diffraction, refraction, reflection, dispersion)

Basic concepts on waves

Sound waves

Catalyst and enzymes

Lesson 12:

Symbiosis

Ecology

The Electroscope

Radioactivity and half-life Tropism

Tropism

Thursday, February 19, 2015

REVIEW AND QUESTIONS ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION

We have already discussed cell respiration but here is a recap. Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy trapped in food molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. All the different classes of food substances, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration. They have to be converted to glucose before they can be used in the chemical pathway. The three stages of cellular respiration are:

1. Glycolysis: This occurs in the cytosol. In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.


2. The Krebs cycle: This occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. This takes place in the presence of oxygen.It 
generates a pool of chemical energy which includes ATP, NADH, and FADH2,  from the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.


3. Oxidative phosphorylation: This occurs in the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane and 
consists of a series of molecules, mostly proteins. The electron transport chain allows the release of large amount of chemical energy stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2). This energy is captured in the form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2). 


In the absence of oxygen, fermentation occurs. Fermentation leads to lactic acid production.



  • Each molecule of glucose can generate 36-38 molecules of ATP in aerobic respiration.
  •  Only 2 ATP molecules are generated in respiration without oxygen (through glycolysis and fermentation).


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