WELCOME TO THIS GREAT EDUCATIONAL BLOG

Welcome to my Pre-Nursing Exam Prep blog. I hope it will help you prepare very well for the Pre-NLN entrance exam, popularly known as the PAX exam. This is one of the entrance exams required by some schools for those who want to pursue careers in the nursing field in the USA. I will attempt to break down the review materials into manageable parts so that you can systematically and efficiently prepare for the test with less stress. I will guide you to prepare for the entire content of the test. Hopefully, you will be able to pass after going through these series.


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A 12-DAY APPROACH TO ACE THE EXAM

SCIENCE REVIEWThe topics that are generally covered in the test have been grouped into twelve instructional modules below. You will be tested only on the basic concepts of physics, chemistry and biology. Click on science topics and select any of the topics listed in the module to review.

Lesson 1:

Basic structure of atom

Types of tissues

Lesson 2:

Movement of substances across the cell membrane

Acids and bases, pH scale

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Lesson 3:

Basic structure of the eye

Basic structure of the ear

Nervous system

Lesson 4:

Circulatory system

Introduction to mechanics (motion/forces)

Electrical circuits

Lesson 5:

Balancing chemical equations and writing formulas

Essentials of photosynthesis and respiration

Classifying organic compounds

Magnetism

Electromagnetism

Lesson 6:

Interpretation of graphs and pictograms

Analyzing and making conclusions from experiments

Data analysis

Lesson 7:

Endocrine system

Digestive system

Genitourinary system

Lesson 8:

Reproduction in mammals

Basic parts of a flower

Reproduction in plants (the process of pollination

Genetics

Lesson 9:

Modes of heat transfer

Calculating heat energies and phase diagrams

Temperature conversions (Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit)

Lesson 10:

Gas laws (Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac)

Types of energy (Potential, kinetic, etc…..)

Chemical bonds, equilibrium and equilibrium constants

Mixtures, types of solutions, solubility

Lesson 11:

Concepts of the food pyramid, food web and food chain

Light (diffraction, refraction, reflection, dispersion)

Basic concepts on waves

Sound waves

Catalyst and enzymes

Lesson 12:

Symbiosis

Ecology

The Electroscope

Radioactivity and half-life Tropism

Tropism

Saturday, March 18, 2023

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON THE TEETH

 1. Which of the following is the hardest substance in the human body?


 A) Enamel          
 B) Dentin 
C) Pulp 
D) Cementum

Answer: A) Enamel

Rationale: Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth, and it is the hardest substance in the human body. It protects the tooth from wear and tear caused by chewing and other activities. Dentin is the layer under the enamel and is less hard than enamel but still quite durable. Pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of the tooth, while cementum is the layer of connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth.

2. What is the function of the periodontal ligament? 
A) It provides shock absorption during chewing 
B) It nourishes the tooth and keeps it healthy 
C) It anchors the tooth to the jawbone 
D) It protects the tooth from wear and tear

Answer: A) It provides shock absorption during chewing

Rationale: The periodontal ligament is the tissue that attaches the cementum to the bone that surrounds the tooth. It provides shock absorption during chewing and helps to keep the tooth stable. It does not nourish the tooth or protect it from wear and tear, and while it does anchor the tooth to the jawbone, this is not its primary function.

3. Which type of tooth is responsible for cutting and tearing food? 
A) Incisors
B) Canines 
C) Premolars 
D) Molars

Answer: A) Incisors

4. Which type of tooth is responsible for grinding and crushing food? 
A) Incisors 
B) Canines 
C) Premolars 
D) Molars

Answer: D) Molars

5. Which layer of the tooth contains nerves and blood vessels? 
A) Enamel 
B) Dentin 
C) Pulp 
D) Cementum

Answer: C) Pulp

6. What is the term for the hard deposit that forms on teeth due to a buildup of bacteria? 
A) Plaque 
B) Tartar 
C) Decay 
D) Cavity

Answer: B) TartarWhat is the term for a tooth that has not emerged from the gumline? A) Impacted B) Decayed C) Infected D) Abscessed

Answer: A) Impacted

7. What is the term for the loss of tooth structure due to acid produced by bacteria? 
A) Plaque 
B) Tartar 
C) Decay 
D) Cavity

Answer: C) Decay

8. Which type of tooth is often referred to as the "eye tooth"? 
A) Incisor 
B) Canine
C) Premolar 
D) Molar

Answer: B) Canine

9. What is the term for the surgical removal of a tooth? 
A) Extraction
 B) Filling 
 C) Root canal
 D) Crown

Answer: A) Extraction

10. What is the term for a dental restoration that covers the entire surface of a tooth? 
A) Filling 
B) Crown 
C) Bridge 
D) Implant

Answer: B) Crown

11. What is the term for a tooth that is not properly aligned with the other teeth? 
A) Impacted 
B) Decayed
C) Malocclusion 
D) Abscessed

Answer: C) Malocclusion

THE ANATOMY OF THE TEETH

 Teeth are a crucial component of the human body's digestive system. They are responsible for mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces, which aids in the digestion process. Teeth are composed of multiple layers of specialized tissues that work together to support the tooth's function.

A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which have erupted by about age 13, except the wisdom teeth.

 Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws.
• Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors.
• Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars.
• Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food.
 Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.

The anatomy of the tooth can be divided into two parts: the crown and the root. The crown is the visible portion of the tooth above the gumline, while the root is the portion of the tooth that is embedded in the jawbone.

Here are the different layers of the tooth and their functions:

  1. Enamel - This is the hard, outermost layer of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and protects the tooth from wear and tear.

  2. Dentin - This is the layer under the enamel that makes up most of the tooth's structure. It is less hard than enamel but still quite durable. Dentin is responsible for giving teeth their color.

  3. Pulp - This is the soft tissue located in the center of the tooth. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues that nourish the tooth and keep it healthy.

  4. Cementum - This is the layer of connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth. It anchors the tooth to the jawbone and helps to hold it in place.

  5. Periodontal Ligament - This is the tissue that attaches the cementum to the bone that surrounds the tooth. It provides shock absorption during chewing and helps to keep the tooth stable.


Overall, the different layers of the tooth work together to support the tooth's function in the digestive process. Proper dental hygiene, such as regular brushing and flossing, can help to keep these layers healthy and prevent tooth decay and other oral health problems.