CLASSES OF SIMPLE MACHINES

A DETAILED LESSON ON CONNECTIVE TISSUES

QUICK OVERVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

MUSIC TO HELP YOU RELAX AND FOCUS

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ECOLOGY TERMS

VOCABULARY PRACTICE TEST - 40 MCQ

TYPES OF JOINTS

Joints occur at regions where two bones meet. They are classified as

• Immovable joints: Also known as fixed joints.  There is relatively no movement between the bones. There is no cartilage between the joints. Examples: Bones of the cranium and facial bones that articulate with the teeth
• Movable joints: Also known as synovial joints. The bones of this joints are capable of movements. The bones are separated by cartilage called articular cartilage. The movement may be partial or freely moveable.
• Partially moveable joints: Very limited range of movement.            Example: The joint between the vertebrae; The joints of the cranium; The joints of the hip bones.
• Freely moveable joints: There are free movements between the articulating bones. The articular surfaces are covered with cartilage. This articular cartilage reduces the friction between the two surfaces of bones making the joint. It is covered by a synovial membrane which forms a closed sac. This sac contains a fluid called synovial fluid. The synovial fluid helps in lubricating the joint to reduce friction. 

Types of freely moveable joints 

Classification is based on the degree of movement that they allow. 

• Hinge joints: These joints allow the backward and forward movement in only one plane. Examples: Elbow and knee joints
• Ball and Socket joints: These joints allow movements in multiple planes. Examples: Shoulder and hip joints
• Pivot joints:  Only rotational movements are possible in these joints. Examples: The joint between the first and second cervical (neck) bones.

 

ANALYSIS OF DATA TYPE OF QUESTIONS

 In the given hypothetical reaction: A+B⟶AB, the reactants A and B are consumed while the concentration of product AB increases.  The reaction rate can be determined by measuring how fast the concentration of A or B decreases, or by how fast the concentration of AB increases.  The graph below shows a reaction profile in which the reactants (red) decrease in concentration as the products increase in concentration (blue).

Answer the following questions based on the information above.

1. At what time is the reaction in equilibrium?
    A. 6 s
    B. 10 s
    C. 8 s
    D. 9 s

2. What is the concentration of the product at equilibrium?
    A. 0.3 M
    B. 0.4 M
    C. 0.45 M
    D. 0.5 M

3. During which time interval is the rate of the forward reaction greater than the rate of reverse reaction?
    A. 0-9 s
    B. 9-10 s
    C. 10-15 s
    D. 15-25 s

4. During which time interval is the rate of the reverse reaction greater than the rate of the forward  reaction?
    A. 0-9 s
    B. 9-25 s
    C. 5-9 s
    D. 0-5 s

5. What is the concentration of the product at the beginning of the reaction?
    A. 1.0 M
    B. 0 M
    C. 1.15 M
    D. 0.5 M

6. What is the concentration of the reactants at the beginning of the reaction?
    A. 1.0 M
    B. 0 M
    C. 1.15 M
    D. 0.5 M


ANWSERS
1. D          2. C           3. A         4. B           5. B          6. C

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ECOLOGICAL TERMS WORTH KNOWING

 TERMS USED IN ECOLOGY

abiotic	nonliving parts of the environment
autotroph	an organism that produces its own food; the source of energy for all other living things on earth
biodiversity	the variety of species in an area
biosphere	all of Earth's ecosystems, collectively; the biologically inhabited portions of Earth, including all of the water, land, and air in which organisms survive
biotic	the living parts of the environment
carnivore	an organism that survives by eating animals
carrying capacity	the largest population of any single species that an area can support
community	a combination of all the different populations that live and interact in the same environment
competition	the struggle between organisms for the same limited resources in a particular area
consumer	an organism that obtains its energy from producers
decomposer	an organism, generally a bacterium or fungus, that consumes (eats) dead organisms and organic waste
ecology	the study of how living things interact with one another and with their environment
ecological niche	the specific role played by an organism or a population of organisms in the ecosystem
ecological succession	the process by which an existing community is replaced by another community
ecosystem	all the living and nonliving things that interact in a specific area; a subdivision of the environment
energy pyramid	a diagram showing how food energy moves through the ecosystem
environment	every living and nonliving thing that surrounds an organism
food chain	a representation that identifies the specific feeding relationships among organisms
food web	a representation of many interconnected food chains that shows the feeding relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers
habitat	the place where an animal or plant lives
herbivore	an organism that eats only plants
heterotroph	an organism that cannot make its own food; consumers
host	the organism in a parasitic relationship that provides a home and/or food for the parasite
limiting factors	any factor in the environment that limits the size of a population
parasite	an organism that survives by living and feeding on other organisms
population	all the individuals of a single species that live in a specific area
predator	an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food
prey	an animal that is hunted and killed by predators
producer	an organism that makes its own food from light energy and inorganic materials
scavenger	a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
biome	a climax community of plants and animals that covers a large geographic region
saprophytes	organisms that feed on dead and decaying organisms, includes heterotrophic plants, bacteria, and fungi
omnivores	animals that feed on both plants and animals
climax community	final stable stage in an ecological succession
energy flow	the movement of energy through an ecosystem

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