DATA ANALYSIS: RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

In the given hypothetical reaction: A+B⟶AB, the reactants A and B are consumed while the concentration of product AB increases.  The reaction rate can be determined by measuring how fast the concentration of A or B decreases, or by how fast the concentration of AB increases.  The graph below shows a reaction profile in which the reactants (red) decrease in concentration as the products increase in concentration (blue).



Answer the following questions based on the information above.

1. At what time is the reaction in equilibrium?
    A. 6 s
    B. 10 s
    C. 8 s
    D. 9 s

2. What is the concentration of the product at equilibrium?
    A. 0.3 M
    B. 0.4 M
    C. 0.45 M
    D. 0.5 M

3. During which time interval is the rate of the forward reaction greater than the rate of reverse reaction?
    A. 0-9 s
    B. 9-10 s
    C. 10-15 s
    D. 15-25 s

4. During which time interval is the rate of the reverse reaction greater than the rate of the forward  reaction?
    A. 0-9 s
    B. 9-25 s
    C. 5-9 s
    D. 0-5 s

5. What is the concentration of the product at the beginning of the reaction?
    A. 1.0 M
    B. 0 M
    C. 1.15 M
    D. 0.5 M

6. What is the concentration of the reactants at the beginning of the reaction?
    A. 1.0 M
    B. 0 M
    C. 1.15 M
    D. 0.5 M


ANWSERS
1. D          2. C           3. A         4. B           5. B          6. C

AN EXCELLENT GUIDE FOR PREPARING FOR PRE-NURSING SCIENCE EXAM

PERSONAL STORIES: HOW TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN NURSING SCHOOL

MESSAGE FOR THE SEASON: YOU ARE HIGHLY FAVORED!

In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth,  to a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. And the virgin's name was Mary. And he came to her and said, “Greetings, O favored one, the Lord is with you!”  But she was greatly troubled at the saying, and tried to discern what sort of greeting this might be.  And the angel said to her, “Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.  And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus. He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. And the Lord God will give to him the throne of his father David, and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end.” And Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I am a virgin?” And the angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy—the Son of God. And behold, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son, and this is the sixth month with her who was called barren.  For nothing will be impossible with God.” And Mary said, “Behold, I am the servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word.” And the angel departed from her.  

Luke 1:26-38 (KJV)  

Mary was one of the daughters of the house of David. Her name signifies “exalted”. Coming from a royal lineage, one would expect that she would be rich, yet she was poor and lowly. She lived in Nazareth, a city of Galilee, located in a very remote area of the country. It was bordered by the heathen, so it was called, Galilee of the Gentiles. Out of the many daughters of the house of David, the Lord sent His angel Gabriel to proclaim good news to Mary saying, “Hail, thou that art highly favored, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.” It was this same angel who had appeared to Zacharias in the temple in Jerusalem. Mary was very shocked to hear that she had been chosen out of many to be the mother of the savior of the world. Luke 1:29, But she was greatly troubled at the saying, and tried to discern what sort of greeting this might be.”  Being selected from many qualified applicants is favor! When it is time for God’s favor to be upon you, He visits you in the remotest place and calls you out of the least expected situation or condition. Out of your wretchedness and poverty, you can find favor when you call upon the Lord.

You may be in a low estate to today because things are knocking things in your life, like the angel of the Lord, I announce to you, “Rejoice, you are highly favored.” Your good health has come, your prosperity is here, your financial break through has come, doors of opportunities are knocking, your immigration status has changed, your marital status has changed. Rejoice! Hail!

Rejoice, for God has changed your disgrace to grace, and your shame to honor. There is someone here who somebody has said, nothing good can come out of you, today, I declare and decree that you are about to surprise them. You who people have said you will not live long, I decree and declare, that because of God’s favor, “You will not die, but live to proclaim the works of God.”  You shall see your children’s children and you will be called blessed among many. Because of God’s favor, you shall not go hungry. You will always have food on the table for your family. David said,

I was young and now I am old, yet I have never seen the righteous forsaken or their children begging bread. (Psalm 37:25)

Cast your burden on the Lord, and he will sustain you; he will never permit the righteous to be moved. Psalm 55:22 (ESV)

Because of His favor, you have been declared righteous so you would not be shaken or moved when the surging waters roars at you. You shall abide under the shadow of the almighty.

The angel said to Mary, “The Lord is with thee.” This signified the presence of God with her. This raised her faith. When the Lord is with you, all fear is gone. Despair becomes hope and hopelessness becomes hopeful. The impossible now becomes possible because He is the creator of all things. When you are convinced in your spirit that the Lord is with you, you allow His favor to manifest in your life for all to see and declare His glory. You become blessed so that others may be blessed through you. 

Mary sang a song of praise in Luke 1:48-55 saying:

 “My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior, for he has looked on the humble estate of his servant. For behold, from now on all generations will call me blessed; for he who is mighty has done great things for me, and holy is his name. And his mercy is for those who fear him from generation to generation. He has shown strength with his arm; he has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their hearts; he has brought down the mighty from their thrones and exalted those of humble estate; he has filled the hungry with good things, and the rich he has sent away empty.  He has helped his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy, as he spoke to our fathers, to Abraham and to his offspring forever.

May this be your song today as you find favor from the Lord and become a blessing not only to yourself but to many generations to come.

AMEN!

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON DENSITY

Multiple Choice
 1. The density of an object is
 a) The mass divided by the volume D = m/v
 b) The volume divided by the mass D = v/m 
c) The same as its weight 
d) The same as the size of the object

 2. If two objects have the same volume but one has a greater mass, the one with greater mass
a) Has a lower density 
b) Has a higher density 
c) Will float 
d) Will sink 

3. If two objects have the same volume but one is made up of smaller and heavier atoms, the one with small heavy atoms will
a) Be larger than the other
 b) Be less dense than the other 
c) Be more dense than the other 
d) Float

 4. If you cut a wooden block in half, each half would have
a) Half the density of the original piece
 b) Twice the density of the original piece 
c) The same density as the original piece 
d) No density at all 

5. In the water displacement method for finding volume 
a) You subtract the final volume from the initial volume 
b) You subtract the initial volume from the final volume
 c) You add the initial and final volumes
 d) You divide the final volume by 2 

6. If two objects have the same mass but different volumes 
a) The one with the larger volume has the lower density
 b) They must have the same density
 c) The one with the larger volume has the higher density 
d) The one with the larger volume is twice as dense 

7. If the density of water is 1 gram/cm3, this means that the mass of 100 cm3 of water should be 
a) 100 grams
 b) 50 grams 
c) 1000 grams 
d) 1 gram 

8. Density is a characteristic property of a substance. This means that the density of water
a) Changes depending on the volume
 b) Stays the same regardless of the volume 
c) Is greater for a greater mass of water 
d) Is less for a smaller mass of water 

9. 100 milliliters of water has a mass of 100 grams. If you measured the mass of 50 milliliters of water, the mass would be 
a) 25 grams
 b) 200 grams 
c) 100 grams 
d) 50 grams

 10. To find the mass of water in a graduated cylinder, you could 
a) Take the total mass of the water and graduated cylinder and subtract the mass of the water 
b) Take the total mass of the water and graduated cylinder and subtract the mass of the graduated cylinder 
c) Add the mass of the water to the mass of the graduated cylinder 
d) Take the total mass of the water and graduated cylinder and divide the mass by two 

11. An object should float in a liquid if it is 
a) More dense than the liquid 
b) Less dense than the liquid
 c) Lighter than metal 
d) Shaped like a ball 

12. A tiny piece of sand is very light but sinks in water. This is because 
a) Sand is a solid 
b) Sand is less dense than water
 c) There is more water than sand 
d) Sand is more dense than water 

13. Wood floats in water. If you measured the mass of the same volume of wood and water
a) The water would have a greater mass 
b) The water would have a lower mass
c) The mass of the wood and water would be the same 
d) The mass of the wood and water would both be 100 grams

 14. A candle floats in water but sinks in alcohol. This is because 
a) The candle has less mass in alcohol 
b) The water has less mass than the alcohol 
c) The water is more dense than the alcohol 
d) Water and alcohol are both liquids 

15. Alcohol is less dense than water. If you measured the mass of the same volume of alcohol and water 
a) The water would have a greater mass 
b) The water would have a lower mass 
c) The mass of the alcohol and water would be the same 
d) The mass of the alcohol and water would cancel each other out 

16. A carrot floats in salt water but sinks in fresh water. This is because
a) Salt water is more dense than fresh water
 b) Fresh water is more dense than salt water
 c) The carrot is more dense than salt water 
d) A larger piece of carrot has a different density 

17. The density of hot water 
a) Is greater than the density of cold water 
b) Is less than the density of cold water 
c) The same as the density of cold water 
d) Depends on the volume of water

 18. The density of hot and cold water are different mainly because
a) The molecules in hot water move slower and are slightly closer together 
b) The molecules in hot water are larger
 c) The molecules in hot water move faster and are slightly further apart
d) The molecules in cold water move faster and are further apart

ANSWERS

1. a
2. b
3. c
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. d
10. b
11. b
12. d
13. a
14. c
15. a
16. a
17. b

18. c

A SEASON WITH A REASON - A TIME TO RELAX AND TO BE JOYFUL

This is a season to stop, relax, recollect, ponder and take stock of the year's activities,

 Both failures and successes.

 A season to climb to higher grounds and to leave behind the past.

 A season with a reason yet abused and misused because of lack of knowledge. 

It is a time to tap into your God-given strength through the birth of the giver of life, 

the Lord Jesus Christ, the new born king! 

He came into the world to take away all our, shame, sorrows and sins, 

and to restore us back to the rightful place that God has purposed for our lives. 

You were made to be a powerful and resourceful person. 

Tap into your inner self and allow God to empower you and renew your energy for greater things in the coming days.

 May this season bring you joy as the new born baby brought 

JOY INTO THE WORLD! 

MAY THE PEACE OF GOD BE WITH YOU THROUGHOUT THIS SEASON!

 MAY ALL YOUR DREAMS COME TRUE. 

RELAX and LET NOT your HEART be TROUBLED!

YOU CAN CHOOSE TO BE WHAT YOU WANT TO BE!

When life's seems to hit you in the face like raging storms,

When you seem to be discouraged by daily chores,

Take courage in your heavenly stores,

For there you will find strength in quantum bits.

Riches or poverty are choices to make,

Success or failure you can choose to be,

Only separated by a fine line of will.

Life and death are in the power of the tongue,

You can chose to be what you want to be.

Life's struggles are for a while,

Pursue knowledge and seek out for wisdom,

For success and riches are within your reach.

Never give up! Gird up your loins with endurance.

For persistence and perseverance will work the miracle.

THE DERMIS OF THE SKIN

The dermis is the layer of the skin beneath the epidermis. It  makes up about 90% of the skin's thickness. It has:

• Blood vessels
• Hair follicles - This is the tube that surrounds the hair and nourishes it.
• Lymphatic vessels - These drain the lymph in the skin. The lymph contains cells that fight infections. 
• Sebaceous glands - These glands produce sebum. This is the oily substance that lubricates the skin and keeps it waterproof. It keeps the skin smooth and supple. It also helps to fight off bacteria and fungal infections.
• Sweat glands - Produce sweat. There are two types: Apocrine and Eccrine sweat glands. Apocrine sweat glands are found in the armpit and pubic areas. They produce milky sweat that can encourage bacteria growth. Eccrine sweat glands are found in the other parts of the body. 
• Nerve endings - These include touch, pain, pressurs and temperature sensors.
• Collagen and Elastic fibers - These are connective tissues that help to keep the skin tough and elastic.

The dermis consist of two layers. The upper layer is called the papillary dermis and the lower one is called reticular dermis. The papillary layer is thinner than the reticular layer. The papillary layer contains a lot of blood vessels that help to nourish the epidermis and to regulate the body's temperature. The reticular layer has collagen fibers arranged parallel to the skin to help in stretching and maintenance of the strength of the skin. It supports the hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. 

THE LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN

The epidermis of the skin refers to the topmost layer. It is composed of five layers. From the surface to the deep layers, the names are:

1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale or germinativum

You can use this mnemonic to remember the layers from the surface to deep layers.
Come Let's Get Sun Burned.

STRATUM CORNEUM
This layer consists of dead cells with a hard protein envelope. These cells contain keratin surrounded by lipid. It is a tough water resistant layer. They are flat, anucleated  and cornified cells.

STRATUM LUCIDUM
This layer consists of dead cells containing dispersed keratohyalin granules. This layer is found in thick skins only such as the palm and soles.

STRATUM GRANULOSUM
This layer consists of cells that contain keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies that have released lipids. They, therefore, look granular. The cells are covered by hard protein. They are polygonal cells with basophylic granules.

STRATUM SPINOSUM
This layer consists of cells that are accumulating keratin fibers and lamellar bodies. The are cuboidal like cells and desmosomes in between.

STRATUM BASALE
The cells in this layer undergo mitosis (cell division) to reproduce the top layers. The are columnar- like cells.

Here is a diagram illustrating the layers.

COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

This is a great website with a comprehensive overview of anatomy and physiology. Click this link to visit the site.

In future, this website will also become a good resource to you in your medical practice. It gives you insight into various medical conditions and their treatments.

STUDY SKILLS RESOURCES

Study skills are the key to college success. Below, you will find various links to online resources on how to study effectively in college. You do not need to apply all strategies in your learning all at once. An effective approach would be to choose two or three strategies, apply them, and after a few weeks reassess if those strategies worked for you.

Learning Styles Inventory
This questionnaire determines the best way you learn; visually, auditorily, or kinesthetically. Use the strategies provided to increase your chances of success.

Motivating Yourself 
Motivation plays a major role in a person’s success. Read about what you can do to continually be motivated in doing well during your college years and beyond.

Time Management
Research has shown that managing your (professional or personal) time effectively leads a person to be successful and have less stress in their lives.

Preparation for Class
Read about what you need to do before class so that you are well prepared for it.

Note-Taking Skills
Why do you need to review your notes?

Note-Taking Skills
Writing every word a professor says or every word written on the board does not automatically make you a good note-taker. Implement some of the strategies suggested to improve your note-taking skills and ultimately, your notes will take on new meaning.

Preparation for a Test
It is not enough to read over your notes the day before a test. To aim for an A on a test, you must begin studying for it days before. Follow the given suggestions so that you can get that top grade.

Test-Taking StrategiesYou arrive to class exactly on time, put your name on the test paper and proceed to “barrel” through the questions. This is not conducive to you doing well on the test. Read about what you should do on the day of a test.

Dealing with Test Anxiety
If you find yourself saying “I never do well on math tests.” or “I study for days and then I blank when I take the test.”, then you would find it helpful to follow advice on how to ease your apprehension about taking math tests.

Post-Test Strategies
Don’t stick your graded test paper into your book bag and forget about it. Read about the wealth of information a returned test with teacher’s comments gives you so that you do better next time.

TYPES OF JOINTS

Joints occur at regions where two bones meet. They are classified as

• Immovable joints: Also known as fixed joints.  There is relatively no movement between the bones. There is no cartilage between the joints. Examples: Bones of the cranium and facial bones that articulate with the teeth
• Movable joints: Also known as synovial joints. The bones of this joints are capable of movements. The bones are separated by cartilage called articular cartilage. The movement may be partial or freely moveable.
• Partially moveable joints: Very limited range of movement.            Example: The joint between the vertebrae; The joints of the cranium; The joints of the hip bones.
• Freely moveable joints: There are free movements between the articulating bones. The articular surfaces are covered with cartilage. This articular cartilage reduces the friction between the two surfaces of bones making the joint. It is covered by a synovial membrane which forms a closed sac. This sac contains a fluid called synovial fluid. The synovial fluid helps in lubricating the joint to reduce friction. 

Types of freely moveable joints 

Classification is based on the degree of movement that they allow. 

• Hinge joints: These joints allow the backward and forward movement in only one plane. Examples: Elbow and knee joints
• Ball and Socket joints: These joints allow movements in multiple planes. Examples: Shoulder and hip joints
• Pivot joints:  Only rotational movements are possible in these joints. Examples: The joint between the first and second cervical (neck) bones.

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HYPOTHESIS, THEORY, AND LAW

Scientist like to ask the questions "Why?" and "How?" To answer these questions, they formulate hypotheses that can be tested.

Hypothesis are tentative answers to the questions. It is a guess of a natural phenomenon or happening. Hypothesis testing, guides scientific research. Scientists apply hypothetico-deductive approaches to ask questions and to test answers. This allows them to modify and correct  their beliefs as new observations and information become available. There are five stages or levels under this process:

1. Making the observations
2. Asking the questions
3. Formulating the hypotheses
4. Making predictions based on the hypotheses
5. Testing the predictions based on the hypotheses by making more observations or conducting experiments

The information gathered can be used to reject or accept the hypotheses being tested.

Theory: When hypotheses is tested and supported several times by additional data, it becomes a theory. A theory, therefore, indicates an increased confidence in the correctness of the hypotheses.

Law: When  more data and testing support the theory, and there is an increased confidence in its correctness, it becomes a law.

We will explore examples of these in the next topic. Stay tuned!

SOME FACTS TO KNOW

How to ace the nursing entrance exam in 14-days?

The immune system

Your victory is secured! Why worry?

Feeding relationships

The food chain

The endocrine system

Mixtures

A 14-DAY APPROACH TO ACE THE NURSING ENTRANCE EXAM

VIDEO LESSON ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

VIDEO LESSON ON SYMBIOSIS

VIDEO LESSON ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

VIDEO LESSON ON FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

VIDEOS ON MIXTURES - COLLOIDS, SUSPENSION, SOLUTIONS

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

Homeostasis is the property or ability of a system/body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment. 

The concept was described by French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1865. The word "Homeostasis" was coined by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926.

Examples:

1. When you move into a cold environment, your muscles contract and cause you to shiver to generate heat. This helps to increase your temperature back to the normal of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius.  
2. When you are hot, you sweat a lot. The sweat takes heat from your body to evaporate. This helps to cool down your body to the normal temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius.  
3. When your blood sugar level goes up, your pancreas produces the hormone, insulin. This causes the sugar to be taken up into the cells. The blood sugar levels then drop to normal.
4. When your blood sugar level drops, you pancreas would release glucagon which stimulates the cells (liver) to release sugar into the blood to increase the level to normal.

How is homeostasis achieved?
There are three main components in the homeostatic control mechanisms for the variable being regulated. 

• Receptor: The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environmental variable. 
• Control center: This center receives information from the receptors. It is the component that sets the range at which a variable is maintained. It determines an appropriate response to the stimulus and then sends signals to an effector. The effector can be any structure such as muscles and organs. 
• Effector organ: This is the end organ that brings about the corrective measure after receiving the signal from the control center.  A change occurs to correct the deviation by depressing it with negative feedback.

Here are some video lessons on homeostasis

Video 1

Video 2

SUMMARY OF BRAIN, EYE, AND EAR FUNCTIONS

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MATH VIDEO PAGE

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 and advanced algebra. You can click on the MATH VIDEO LESSONS button on the top banner to check out these videos OR you can click on this link: MATH VIDEO LESSONS

WHAT PREVENTS DUST FROM ENTERING THE LUNGS?

The respiratory system prevent harmful substances in the air from entering the lungs using the following built-in structures:

·         Hairs in your nose help filter out large particles.

·         Cilia (microscopic hairs), found along the air passages, move in a sweeping motion to keep the air passages clean. They sweep in such a way that they bring the particle toward the throat to be coughed out.

·          Mucus produced by cells in the trachea and bronchus moisten the air passages. It also helps to trap dust, bacteria and viruses, and other substances that were not trapped by the hairs from entering the lungs.

·         With the aid of the cilia, impurities that reach the deeper parts of the lungs are moved up via mucous and coughed out or swallowed.

·         The condition called bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi) occurs if harmful substances, such as cigarette smoke, are inhaled and the cilia stop functioning properly.